- The Treasury (2023), 2023 Intergenerational Report, The Treasury website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 1 ↩
- APSC (Australian Public Service Commission) (2023), ‘Partnerships and engagement’, State of the Service Report 2023-24, APSC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; PRF (Paul Ramsay Foundation) (2023), Where are we? Place-based approaches to tackling community challenges in Australia, PRF website, accessed 15 December 2025.Return to footnote 2 ↩
- APSC (Australian Public Service Commission) (2025), Trust in Australian public services - 2025 Annual Report, APSC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 3 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (16 October 2025), ‘Income support payments for the working age population’, Australia’s welfare, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 4 ↩
- ACSQHC (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care) (2025), PaRIS Survey - Australian National Report 2025, ACSQHC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 5 ↩
- SA (Services Australia) (2025), Annual Report 2023-24, SA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 6 ↩
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2025), Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions in Australia, OECD website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 7 ↩
- APSC, Trust in Australian public services - 2025 Annual Report. Return to footnote 8 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2025), Australia’s welfare 2025: in brief, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 9 ↩
- PBO (Parliamentary Budget Office) (2025), PBO Historical fiscal Data – 2025-26 Budget update [dataset], PBO website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 10 ↩
- PBO, PBO Historical fiscal Data – 2025-26 Budget update. Return to footnote 11 ↩
- Australian Government (2023), Response to the my Gov User Audit Report, Australian Government website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 12 ↩
- DHDA (Department of Health, Disability and Ageing) (2024), ‘What Primary Health Networks do’, Primary Health Networks, DHDA website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 13 ↩
- DSS (Department of Social Services) (2023), ‘Stronger Places, Stronger People’, Programs & Services, DSS website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 14 ↩
- NACCHO (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation) (n.d.), About Us, NACCHO website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 15 ↩
- NACCHO (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation) (2020), Government funding announced to strengthen the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled sector to close the gap [media release], NACCHO, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 16 ↩
- Bryson JM, Crosby BC, and Bloomberg L (2014), ‘Public Value Governance: Moving Beyond Traditional Public Administration and the New Public Management’, Public Administration Review, 74(4):445-456, doi:10.1111/puar.12238; Meagher G, Stebbing A and Perche D (eds) (2022), Designing Social Service Markets. Risk, Regulation and Rent-Seeking, Australian National University Press, Canberra. Return to footnote 17 ↩
- PC (Productivity Commission) (2016), Introducing Competition and Informed User Choice into Human Services: Reforms to human services - Inquiry Report, PC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 18 ↩
- DESE (Department of Education, Skills and Employment) (2021), Online Employment Services Trial: Evaluation Report, DESE website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 19 ↩
- Khatri RB and Assefa Y (2022), Access to health services among culturally and linguistically diverse populations in the Australian universal health care system: issues and challenges, BMC Public Health, 880, doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13256-z. Return to footnote 20 ↩
- Meagher et al., Designing Social Service Markets. Risk, Regulation and Rent-Seeking; Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG), Emerging ideas for government service delivery: LTIB literature review, report to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Australian Government, unpublished, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 21 ↩
- DTA (Digital Transformation Agency) (17 February 2026), ‘Australia rises to second globally in the OECD Digital Government Index’, Articles, DTA website, accessed 14 May 2026. Return to footnote 22 ↩
- Statista Research Department (2024), ‘E-government in Australia - statistics and facts’, Politics & Government, Statista website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 23 ↩
- DTA (Digital Transformation Agency) (2023), ‘Data and Digital Government Strategy’, Our Initiatives, DTA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; DDGS (Data and Digital Government Strategy) (n.d.), ‘Delivering for all people and business’, Strategy, DDGS website, accessed 15 December 2025; Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability (2023), Final Report - Executive Summary, Our vision for an inclusive Australia and Recommendations, Royal Commissions website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 24 ↩
- Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme (2023), Report, Royal Commissions website, accessed 15 December 2025; Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (2021), Care Dignity and Respect – Volume 1: Summary and Recommendations, Royal Commissions website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 25 ↩
- Victorian Government (2023), Place-based approaches, A guide for the Victorian Public Service, Victorian Government website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 26 ↩
- Dart J (2018), Place-based Evaluation Framework, report for the Queensland Government Department of Communities, Disability Services and Seniors, The Australian Government Department of Social Services and Logan Together website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 27 ↩
- Lowe T and Padmanabahan C (2022), Human Learning Systems – A practical guide to doing public management differently, Centre for Public Impact website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 28 ↩
- Fincher R (2021), ‘Interpretations of “Place” in Place-Based Social Policy’, Life Course Centre Working Paper Series, 2021-05. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3809411, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 29 ↩
- DSS (Department of Social Services) (2023), ‘Entrenched Disadvantage Package’, Review of Australia’s Welfare System, DSS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; DSS, ‘Stronger Places, Stronger People’; DSS (Department of Social Services) (2023), ‘Partnerships for Local Action and Community Empowerment’, Supporting community change, DSS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 30 ↩
- PC (Productivity Commission) (2024), Review of the National Agreement on Closing the Gap - study report volume 1, PC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 31 ↩
- Tattersall A (26 October 2022), Who will lead us to policy salvation? Community-led policy and the power of us, The Policy Maker website, Australian Public Policy Institute, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 32 ↩
- Parliament of Australia (2024), Joint Standing Committee on the National Disability Insurance Scheme, General Issues - Annual Report No.1 of the 47th Parliament - Chapter 4: Co-design, accessed 15 December 2025; NDIA (National Disability Insurance Agency) (2024), Co-designing reform, NDIS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 33 ↩
- ANZSOG, Emerging Ideas for Government Service Delivery; Marsh I, Crowley K, Grube D and Eccleston R (2017), ‘Delivering Public Services: Locality, Learning and Reciprocity in Place Based Practice’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 76: 443-456. doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12230, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 34 ↩
- ANZSOG, Emerging Ideas for Government Service Delivery. Return to footnote 35 ↩
- Lasa AN, Pedroni A, Komm A and Lavallée SG (2024), ‘In the spotlight: Performance management that puts people first’, McKinsey website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 36 ↩
- ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2025), ‘The Measuring What Matters Framework’, Measuring What Matters, ABS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 37 ↩
- PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet) (2020), ‘Knowing we are making a difference’, National Agreement on Closing the Gap, PM&C website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 38 ↩
- MA (Mission Australia) (n.d.), ‘Evidence, impact and advocacy’, What we do, MA website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 39 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 40 ↩
- ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2003), ‘Baby Boomers and the 2001 Census’, Newsletter: Age Matters, ABS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; PBO (Parliamentary Budget Office) (2025), Australia’s Ageing Population: Understanding the fiscal impacts over the next decade, PBO website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 41 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 42 ↩
- Centre for Population (2026), ‘2025 Population Statement’, Centre for Population website, Australian Government, accessed 21 August 2026. Return to footnote 43 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2024), ‘Older Australians’, Older people, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 44 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2019), Insights into vulnerabilities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 50 and over, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 45 ↩
- AIHW, Insights into vulnerabilities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 50 and over. Return to footnote 46 ↩
- NIAA (National Indigenous Australians Agency) (n.d.), ‘Culture and Empowering Communities’, Our work, NIAA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 47 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2024), ‘Chronic conditions’, Australia’s health, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2024), ‘Multimorbidity in Australia’, Chronic disease, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 48 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2024), Australia’s health 2024 in brief, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 49 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2024), ‘Australia’s health 2024: data insights: The ongoing challenge of chronic conditions in Australia’, Australia’s health, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 50 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 51 ↩
- AIHW, Australia’s health 2024 in brief. Return to footnote 52 ↩
- AIHW, ‘Chronic conditions’; AIHW, ‘Multimorbidity in Australia’. Return to footnote 53 ↩
- AIHW, ‘Australia’s health 2024: data insights: The ongoing challenge of chronic conditions in Australia’. Return to footnote 54 ↩
- McGorry PD, Coghill D and Berk M (2024), ‘Mental health of young Australians: dealing with a public health crisis’, The Medical Journal of Australia, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 55 ↩
- AIHW, ‘Australia’s health 2024: data insights: The ongoing challenge of chronic conditions in Australia’. Return to footnote 56 ↩
- AIHW, ‘Australia’s health 2024: data insights: The ongoing challenge of chronic conditions in Australia’. Return to footnote 57 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2021), ‘Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive data on risk factor burden’, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 58 ↩
- Breadon P, Fox L and Emslie O (2023), ‘The Australian Centre for Disease Control (ACDC): Highway to health’, Grattan Institute, Grattan website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 59 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2023), ‘Australia’s welfare 2023: data insights: Chapter 9 - Welfare workforce: demand and supply’, Australia’s welfare, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 60 ↩
- AIHW, ‘Australia’s welfare 2023: data insights: Chapter 9 - Welfare workforce: demand and supply’. Return to footnote 61 ↩
- JSA (Jobs and Skills Australia) (2023), Care Workforce Labour Market Study: Final Report, JSA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 62 ↩
- Deloitte (2020), ‘The value of informal care in 2020’, Carers Australia website, accessed 15 December 2025; PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet) (2023), ‘Economic impact of care and support: A rapid growth sector, historically undervalued’, Draft National Strategy for the Care and Support Economy, PM&C website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 63 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 64 ↩
- APSC (Australian Public Service Commission) (2024), Trust in Australian public services - 2024 Annual Report, APSC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 65 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2024), ‘Social determinants of health’, Australia’s health, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet) (2023), ‘Access to services for all’, Draft National Strategy for the Care and Support Economy, PM&C website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 66 ↩
- APS Reform (APS Reform) (2019), ‘Trust in Australian public services’, Trust in Australian Public Services, APS Reform website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 67 ↩
- APSC, ‘Trust in Australian public services - 2024 Annual Report’. Return to footnote 68 ↩
- APSC, ‘Trust in Australian public services - 2024 Annual Report’: APSC (Australian Public Service Commission) (2023), Trust in Australian public services - 2023 Annual Report, APSC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 69 ↩
- Australian Government (2023), Final Report of the Aged Care Taskforce, Health website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 70 ↩
- Bryson et al., ‘Public Value Governance: Moving Beyond Traditional Public Administration and the New Public Management’; Meagher et al., Designing Social Service Markets. Risk, Regulation and Rent-Seeking. Return to footnote 71 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 72 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 73 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 74 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report. Return to footnote 75 ↩
- The Treasury, 2023 Intergenerational Report Return to footnote 76 ↩
- PC (Productivity Commission) (2010), ‘Contribution of the not-for-profit sector’, Contribution of the not-for-profit sector, PC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 77 ↩
- Bryson et al., ‘Public Value Governance: Moving Beyond Traditional Public Administration and the New Public Management’. Return to footnote 78 ↩
- PC, ‘Contribution of the not-for-profit sector’. Return to footnote 79 ↩
- Khatri et al., ‘Access to health services among culturally and linguistically diverse populations in the Australian universal health care system: issues and challenges’; ANZSOG, Emerging ideas for government service delivery; Meagher et al., Designing Social Service Markets. Risk, Regulation and Rent-Seeking. Return to footnote 80 ↩
- PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet) (2023), ‘Navigating care and support systems’, Draft National Strategy for the Care and Support Economy, PM&C website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; Parliament of Australia, Select Committee on Workforce Australia Employment Services (2023), Rebuilding Employment Services - Chapter 2: Critique and analysis of the current Australian system, Australian Government website, accessed 15 December 2025; Evans M, Dare L, Tanton R, Vidyattama Y and Seaborn J (2019), Trust in Australian regional public services: Citizens Not Customers – Keep it Simple, Say What You Do and Do What You Say, APS Reform website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; OECD, Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions in Australia; Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (2021), Final Report - Care, Dignity and Respect: Volume 2 The current system, Royal Commissions website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 81 ↩
- PC (Productivity Commission) (2017), Introducing Competition and Informed User Choice into Human Services: Identifying Sectors for Reform, Study Report, PC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (2021), Final Report - Care, Dignity and Respect: Volume 2 The current system, Royal Commissions website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 82 ↩
- APSC, ‘Trust in Australian public services - 2024 Annual Report’. Return to footnote 83 ↩
- DHDA (Department of Health, Disability and Ageing) (2023), ‘Aged Care System Navigator Measure’, Our work, DHDA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 84 ↩
- DHDA, ‘Aged Care System Navigator Measure’. Return to footnote 85 ↩
- DHAC (Department of Health and Aged Care) (2022), Evaluation of the Aged Care System Navigator trial extension measure - Final report, DHAC, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; DHDA, ‘Aged Care System Navigator Measure’. Return to footnote 86 ↩
- DHDA (Department of Health, Disability and Ageing) (2023), ‘Australian Cancer Nursing and Navigation Program’, Our work, DHDA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 87 ↩
- DHDA, ‘Australian Cancer Nursing and Navigation Program’. Return to footnote 88 ↩
- AIHW & NIAA (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare & National Indigenous Australians Agency) (2025), ‘Barriers to accessing health services’, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework - Summary report, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 89 ↩
- AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2025), ‘Rural and remote health’, Rural & remote Australians, AIHW website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 90 ↩
- AHURI (Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute) (6 March 2025), ‘Movement to regional Australia is a long term trend – and it’s not the people you thought who are moving’, AHURI website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 91 ↩
- Parliament of Australia, Select Committee on Intergenerational Welfare Dependence (2023), Entrenched disadvantage: What is entrenched disadvantage?, Australian Government website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 92 ↩
- Parliament of Australia, Select Committee on Intergenerational Welfare Dependence, Entrenched disadvantage: What is entrenched disadvantage?. Return to footnote 93 ↩
- DSS (Department of Social Services) (2023), ‘Entrenched disadvantage package’, Supporting community change, DSS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 94 ↩
- APS Reform (APS Reform) (2023), ‘Section 2: What drives trust and satisfaction in Australian public services?’, Trust in Australian Public Services - 2023 Annual Report, APS Reform website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 95 ↩
- APS Reform, Trust in Australian public services - 2024 Annual Report. Return to footnote 96 ↩
- Heath A, Martin MK and Krakouer J (2022), ‘Exploring the lived experiences of Indigenous Australians within the context of alcohol and other drugs treatment services: A scoping review’, Drug and Alcohol Review, 41:1664–1681, doi:10.1111/dar.13528. Return to footnote 97 ↩
- Moo A, Bywood P, Clark B and McMillan J (2021), Best Practices for Person-Centred: Case Management A literature review, ISCRR, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 98 ↩
- Victorian Government, Place-based approaches, A guide for the Victorian Public Service. Return to footnote 99 ↩
- Logan Together (n.d.), Logan Together, Logan Together website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 100 ↩
- Logan Together, Logan Together. Return to footnote 101 ↩
- Logan Together (n.d.), Data and Outcomes, data cards, Logan Together website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 102 ↩
- APS Reform, Trust in Australian public services; ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2025), ‘Trust in national government’, Measuring What Matters, ABS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 103 ↩
- PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet) (2019), Our public service, our future, independent review of the Australian Public Service, PM&C website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 104 ↩
- PRF, Where are we? Place-based approaches to tackling community challenges in Australia; APS Reform (APS Reform) (2023), ‘The Charter of Partnerships and Engagement’, News, APS Reform website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 105 ↩
- PM&C (Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet) (2020), ‘Priority Reform One - Formal partnerships and shared decision-making’, National Agreement on Closing the Gap, PM&C website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; APS Reform, ‘The Charter of Partnerships and Engagement’. Return to footnote 106 ↩
- APSC (Australian Public Service Commission) (2026), ‘APS reform’, State of the Service Report 2022-23, APSC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 107 ↩
- APS Reform (APS Reform) (2023), The Charter of Partnerships and Engagement, APS Reform website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 108 ↩
- APS Reform, The Charter of Partnerships and Engagement. Return to footnote 109 ↩
- South Australia, Royal Commission into Early Childhood Education and Care (2023), Final Report - Royal Commission into Early Childhood Education and Care, Royal Commissions website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 110 ↩
- Local Government Association (12 December 2016), Case study: Porto Alegre, Brazil, Local Government Association website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 111 ↩
- Bronx Defenders (n.d), About us, Bronx Defenders website, accessed 2 September 2024. Return to footnote 112 ↩
- Meagher et al.(eds), Designing Social Service Markets. Risk, Regulation and Rent-Seeking. Return to footnote 113 ↩
- Yong P, Saunders R and Olsen L (ed) (2010), The Healthcare Imperative - Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary, National Academies Press, Washington. Return to footnote 114 ↩
- DoHDA (Department of Health, Disability and Ageing) (2021), National Preventive Health Strategy 2021–2030, DoHDA website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; TAPPC (The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre) (n.d.), ‘What are the economic benefits of prevention?’, About prevention, TAPPC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025; TAPPC (The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre) (n.d.), ‘Dynamic simulation modelling’, Our Work, TAPPC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 115 ↩
- AIHW, ‘Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive data on risk factor burden. Return to footnote 116 ↩
- DHAC (Department of Health and Aged Care) (2023), Health protection, preventive health and sport – Budget 2023–24, DHAC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 117 ↩
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2025), Health at a Glance 2025, OECD website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 118 ↩
- Rasmussen B, Sweeny K, Welsh A, Kumnick M, Reeve M and Dayal P (2020), Increasing Social and Economic Benefits Globally: Rates of Return on Health Investments, United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington DC, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 119 ↩
- PC (Productivity Commission) (2020), Mental health – Inquiry report, PC website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 120 ↩
- Department of Treasury and Finance (2024), ‘Early Intervention Investment Framework’, Funds, programs and policies, Treasury and Finance website, Victorian Government website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 121 ↩
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2025), Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and way Forward In Core Government Functions, OECD website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 122 ↩
- Berryhill J, Heang KK, Clogher R and McBride K (2019), Hello, World: Artificial intelligence and its use in the public sector, OECD website, accessed 15 December 2025; Eggers W, Fishman T and Kishnani P (2017), AI-augmented human services: Using cognitive technologies to transform program delivery, Deloitte Center for Government Insights, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 123 ↩
- Government of the United Kingdom (2025), ‘AI experiments see “Humphrey” help townhalls cut costs and improve services’ Business and industry, Gov.UK website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 124 ↩
- OECD, Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and way Forward In Core Government Functions. Return to footnote 125 ↩
- OECD, Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and way Forward In Core Government Functions. Return to footnote 126 ↩
- Varotsis A (13 March 2025), ‘Transforming Civic Engagement with Caddy’ Incubator for Artificial Intelligence blog, Gov.UK website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 127 ↩
- Eggers et al., AI-augmented human services: Using cognitive technologies to transform program delivery. Return to footnote 128 ↩
- Henman P (2020), ‘Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance’, Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 42(4): 209-221. doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2020.1816188, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 129 ↩
- Henman, ‘Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance’. Return to footnote 130 ↩
- Chan J and Saunders P (eds) (2021), Big Data for Australian Social Policy: Developments, Benefits and Risks, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Canberra. Return to footnote 131 ↩
- Henman, ‘Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance’. Return to footnote 132 ↩
- Henman, ‘Improving public services using artificial intelligence: possibilities, pitfalls, governance’. Return to footnote 133 ↩
- Intersoft Consulting Services AG (n.d.), General Data Protection Regulation: Rights of the data subject, Intersoft Consulting website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 134 ↩
- Wachter S, Mittelstadt B and Floridi L (2017), ‘Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation’, International Data Privacy Law, 7(2): 76-99. doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipx005, accessed 15 December 2025; DISR (Department of Industry Science and Resources) (2025), Australia’s AI Ethics Principles, DISR, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 135 ↩
- Chan and Saunders, Big Data for Australian Social Policy: Developments, Benefits and Risks. Return to footnote 136 ↩
- Callaway E (06 May 2025), ‘Medical AI trained on whopping 57 million health records’, Nature, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 137 ↩
- Chan and Saunders, Big Data for Australian Social Policy: Developments, Benefits and Risks. Return to footnote 138 ↩
- NHS (National Health Service) (2025), Governance considerations for the use of synthetic data in health and care research, NHS website, Australian Government, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 139 ↩
- DSS (Department of Social Services) (2024), Australia’s approach to social investment, DSS website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 140 ↩
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (26 November 2019), Enhancing Access to and Sharing of Data: Reconciling Risks and Benefits for Data Re-use across Societies, OECD website, accessed 15 December 2025. Return to footnote 141 ↩
- Gardner K, Olney S, Craven L and Blackman D (2019), Issues Paper 4: How can systems thinking enhance stewardship of public services?, University of New South Wales website, accessed 27 January 2026. Return to footnote 142 ↩
- Department of Health, Disability and Ageing, prepared by Clear Horizon (2025), Regional Stewardship of Aged Care Evaluation Final Report, unpublished, accessed 27 January 2026; Barbour H, Wells Y and Fetherstonhaugh D (2023), Key components of system stewardship in Australia: A scoping review, Stage 1 and 2, La Trobe University website, accessed 27 January 2026. Return to footnote 143 ↩
- Barbour et al., Key components of system stewardship in Australia: A scoping review, Stage 1 and 2. Return to footnote 144 ↩
- Barbour et al., Key components of system stewardship in Australia: A scoping review, Stage 1 and 2. Return to footnote 145 ↩
- Lankelly Chase (25 October 2019), ‘A look in the mirror? Can the “System Behaviours” be a useful mechanism to reflect on the health of a system?’, News, Lankelly Chase website, accessed 27 January 2026. Return to footnote 146 ↩
- Lankelly Chase, ‘A look in the mirror? Can the “System Behaviours” be a useful mechanism to reflect on the health of a system?. Return to footnote 147 ↩
- The Treasury (n.d.), ‘Measuring what matters’, Policy topics, The Treasury website, Australian Government, accessed 27 January 2026; ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2025), ‘Measuring What Matters’, Measuring What Matters, ABS website, Australian Government, accessed 27 January 2026. Return to footnote 148 ↩
- Department of Treasury and Finance (18 November 2024), ‘Early Intervention Investment Framework’, Funds, programs and policies, Treasury and Finance, Victorian Government website, accessed 27 January 2026; OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (8 January 2025), ‘Victoria State Government’s Early Intervention Investment Framework’, Publications, OECD website, accessed 27 January 2026. Return to footnote 149 ↩
- ANZSOG (Australia and New Zealand School of Government) (2022), Implementing the Early Intervention Investment Framework, ANZSOG website, Australian Government, accessed 27 January 2026; Sollis K, Campbell P and Drake N (23 April 2025), Australia’s Wellbeing Framework: Is It Really ‘Measuring What Matters’?, University of Tasmania, and Australian National University, Australia, accessed 27 January 2026. Return to footnote 150 ↩